什么是工业互联网
The Industrial Internet
秋平
Qiu Ping
本世纪第二个十年伊始，以5G、互联网、大数据、人工智能为代表的新一代信息通信技术创新活跃、产业发展代际跃迁，数字产业化供给能力大幅攀升。
The early 2020s witnessed a wave of innovation in new-generation information and communication technologies, such as 5G, the internet, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as generational advances in industrial development, leading to a leap in the supply capabilities of digital industrialization.
同时，工业设备、产线、车间、工厂的数字化水平持续提升，产业数字化需求日益扩张。在供给推动和需求拉动双重作用下，数字技术与实体经济的融合从生活领域向生产领域加速延伸，工业大数据爆发式增长，海量工业数据的采集、传送、存储、计算、分析和应用都需要一个智能化的载体，这个载体就是工业互联网。
Furthermore, the digitalization of industrial equipment, production lines, workshops, and factories are gathering pace, and demand for industrial digitalization is growing. Under the dual effects of supply-push and demand-pull, the integration of digital technologies with the real economy has expanded from everyday scenarios to the field of production, resulting in explosive growth of industrial big data. The collection, transmission, storage, computation, analysis, and application of huge amounts of industrial data require an intelligent vehicle, which is where the Industrial Internet (II) comes in.
通过对人、机、物、系统等的全面连接，工业互联网构建起覆盖全产业链、全价值链的全新制造和服务体系，为工业乃至产业数字化、网络化、智能化发展提供了实现途径，成为新工业革命的关键驱动力量。
By comprehensively connecting people, machines, objects, and systems, II provides a new type of manufacturing and service system that encompasses entire industry and value chains. It provides the means to realize digital, networked, and smart development of all types of industries, making it a key driver of the new industrial revolution.
工业互联网具有与消费互联网不同的特点。从连接对象看，工业互联网连接的主体多样，涵盖设备、产线、车间、工厂、企业，还有产业链的上下游和生态伙伴。
II has many features that are different to the Consumer Internet (CI). II connects equipment, production lines, workshops, factories, enterprises, upstream and downstream elements of industry chains, and ecological partners.
在研发设计、生产制造、经营管理、运维服务等环节，企业内部、企业间协同的场景更为复杂，形成的数据量更为庞大，特别是研发设计和生产制造的大数据，因涉及企业特有的技术、工艺、知识和经验，绝大部分数据不出工厂且千企千面，需要量身定制组网方案。
Intra- and inter-company collaboration in aspects such as R&D, design, production and manufacturing, operation and management, and operation and maintenance services are increasingly complex, so the volume of data being produced has increased markedly, especially in R&D, design, and manufacturing. Due to the enterprise-specific nature of technology, processes, knowledge, and experiences, the vast majority of data is not shared and is enterprise-specific, so customized network solutions are required.
而消费互联网连接的主体是人，主要用于人与人之间的信息传递，网络终端、数据类型和应用场景具有同质性、规范性、可复制性，个人数据都高度集中在平台企业中。
CI, on the other hand, predominantly connects human users, and its primary use is to transfer information between people. As a result, network terminals, data types, and application scenarios are homogeneous, standardized, and reproducible, with personal data highly concentrated on platforms of certain companies.
从网络性能看，工业互联网对网络速率、时延、带宽等要求比消费互联网更高。比如，设备运动控制和产品视觉检测数据的通信时延须分别小于1毫秒和10毫秒，而一般公共通信网络时延在100毫秒以内即可满足使用要求。
II has higher requirements in terms of network speed, latency, and bandwidth than CI. For example, the latency requirements for equipment motion control and product visual inspection are less than 1 millisecond (ms) and 10 ms, respectively; whereas, the data latency requirement of public communication networks is 100 ms.
工业互联网的数据传输直接关系到生产安全，对于网络的可靠性、稳定性和安全性要求更为“刚性”，只有构筑起工业互联网网络大动脉，工业数据要素的价值才能充分释放，数字技术的应用才能更加融合高效。
As the data transmission capabilities of II have a direct bearing on production safety, the reliability, stability, and security requirements of its networks are more stringent. Developing an II network makes industrial data elements more valuable and results in more integrated and efficient applications of digital technology.
从发展模式看，工业互联网应用过程是企业数字化演进升级的过程，行业企业差异化程度高、工业设备数字化水平参差不齐，工业软件开发适配周期长、资产专用性强，很难找到普适性的发展模式，往往需要更长的投资回报周期。
II applications are used to achieve the digitalized upgrading of enterprises. Stark differences between industries and enterprises, varying levels of digitalization of industrial equipment, protracted industrial software development and adaptation cycles, and a high degree of asset specificity have made formulating a universal development model challenging, so return on investment cycles tend to be longer.
而消费互联网应用门槛相对较低、可复制性更强，通过培养用户使用习惯可以颠覆传统消费模式，其商业模式以“聚人气”、“流量变现”为主，可以面向普通消费者“前向收费”，也可以面向信息或软件服务企业“后向收费”，具有规模经济性，社会资本关注度和支持度较高。
The threshold for CI applications, on the other hand, is lower, and it is more replicable. The cultivation of user habits has overturned the traditional consumption model. The CI business model is based on high levels of traffic by large numbers of users, with front-end fees charged to ordinary consumers and back-end fees charged to information or software service enterprises, enabling economies of scale and attracting higher levels of private investment.
从体系架构看，工业互联网包括五大功能体系，网络是基础，标识是身份，平台是中枢，数据是要素，安全是保障，其内涵边界与消费互联网有显著差异。
The system architecture of II consists of networks, identifiers, platforms, data, and security. Its content boundaries differ significantly from those of CI.
工业互联网的网络包括工厂内网和外网，是人、机、物、系统全面互联的关键基础设施；
II networks comprise the intranet and extranet of workplaces, and they are the key infrastructure for connecting people, machines, devices, and systems. Identifiers consist of ID codes and a name system.
标识由标识编码和解析系统构成，标识编码是机器、产品、数据等生产资源的“身份证”，通过解析系统就可以明确“我是谁”、“我在哪”、“我在干什么”；
Codes are the means of identifying production resources, such as machines, products, and data. The name system provides information such as “who I am,” “where I am” and “what I am doing.”
平台下连设备，上连应用，为数据汇聚、建模分析、知识复用、应用创新提供载体支撑；
A platform connects to equipment and applications, supporting data aggregation, modeling and analysis, knowledge reuse, and application innovations.
数据是新型生产要素，通过与其他要素组合，能够用于开发新产品、拓展新服务、创造新价值；
Data is a new production factor that can be used to develop new products and services and create value in combination with other production factors.
安全是指保护工业互联网系统、设备和数据免受未经授权的访问、损坏、干扰的一系列技术和管理措施。
Security refers to the technical and managerial protocols used to prevent the unauthorized access of, or damage and interference to, II systems, devices, and data.
从应用效果看，发展工业互联网的目的是通过数字化赋能提升行业、企业的综合竞争力，体现在降本、增效、提质、绿色、安全这五个方面。
The goal of II is to improve the competitiveness of industries and enterprises through digital empowerment. These improvements include reduced costs, greater efficiency, higher quality, better environmental credentials, and enhanced security.
工业互联网应用是一个循序渐进的过程，从“研产供销服”各环节单点应用，向全环节、全流程综合集成延伸，形成平台化设计、智能化生产、网络化协同、个性化定制、服务化延伸、数字化管理等典型应用模式。
The development of II applications is a gradual process, from single applications in each link of research, production, supply, marketing, and service provision, to whole-process comprehensive integration and extension, requiring the development of typical application models for platform design, intelligent production, network collaboration, customization, service expansion, digital management, and so on.
工业互联网应用是一个协同发展的过程，从龙头企业内部拓展到产业链上下游，通过大企业带动小企业、下游企业带动上游企业、新兴产业带动传统产业，实现数字化转型从“样板间”走向“商品房”。
II applications require collaborative development, extending from leading enterprises to entities both up and down industry chains, with large enterprises driving II development in small enterprises, downstream enterprises driving development in upstream enterprises, and emerging industries driving development in traditional industries. This enables the digital transformation of processes from prototype to product.
中文编辑：郝遥 尚烨
英文编辑：李晓琼
审校：张娴 衣小伟
监制：李达 李振通